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What Is an Engineering Change Order (ECO) in Electronics Manufacturing?
An engineering change order (ECO) is the approved document that
Ben Cole
October 17, 2026
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An engineering change order (ECO) is the approved document that
IQC (Incoming Quality Control), IPQC (In-Process Quality Control), and OQC
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is unwanted electromagnetic energy that disrupts the
FCC certification is the equipment authorization process used to show
ICT (In-Circuit Test) is a PCB assembly test method that
ESD (electrostatic discharge) is the sudden transfer of static electricity
RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) is an EU directive that
Production Validation Test (PVT) confirms that the real factory line can build the locked design consistently, at scale, with final tooling and quality controls.
Design Validation Test (DVT) verifies that production-intent hardware survives real-world conditions, meets its specifications, and is ready for certification before PVT.
Contract electronics manufacturing referred to as CEMs, are companies that